South Carolina rosters

The battles

54 engagements named in the unit histories, with the National Park Service's summary of each and the South Carolina units whose histories cite it.

In date order. The summaries are the Civil War Sites Advisory Commission's, as the index prints them; a unit is listed under a battle only because its own history names it, so a unit that fought somewhere without saying so is not here.

Manassas I VA005

Other name: First Bull Run
Campaign: Manassas Campaign
Dates: July 1861
Principal commanders: Major General Irvin McDowell [US] | Lieutenant Colonel Joseph Johnston [CS]
Forces engaged: 31680 total (US 28450; CS 3230;)
Estimated casualties: 4878 total (US 2896; CS 1982;)
Result: Confederate Victory

This was the first major land battle of the armies in Virginia. On July 16, 1861, the untried Union army under Brig. Gen. Irvin McDowell marched from Washington against the Confederate army, which was drawn up behind Bull Run beyond Centreville. On the 21st, McDowell crossed at Sudley Ford and attacked the Confederate left flank on Matthews Hill. Fighting raged throughout the day as Confederate forces were driven back to Henry Hill. Late in the afternoon, Confederate reinforcements (one brigade arriving by rail from the Shenandoah Valley) extended and broke the Union right flank. The Federal retreat rapidly deteriorated into a rout. Although victorious, Confederate forces were too disorganized to pursue. Confederate Gen. Bee and Col. Bartow were killed. Thomas J. Jackson earned the nom de guerre "Stonewall." By July 22, the shattered Union army reached the safety of Washington. This battle convinced the Lincoln administration that the war would be a long and costly affair. McDowell was relieved of command of the Union army and replaced by Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan, who set about reorganizing and training the troops.

South Carolina units whose histories name it: 2nd Regiment, South Carolina Infantry (2nd Palmetto Regiment), 3rd Regiment, South Carolina Infantry, 4th Regiment, South Carolina Infantry, 5th Regiment, South Carolina Infantry, 7th Regiment, South Carolina Infantry, 8th Regiment, South Carolina Infantry, Hampton Legion, South Carolina.

Summary: National Park Service, Civil War Sites Advisory Commission battle VA005.

Dranesville VA007

Campaign: McClellan's Operations in Northern Virginia
Dates: October-December 1861
Principal commanders: Brigadier General Edward Ord [US] | James Stuart [CS]
Forces engaged: 0 total (US 0; CS 0;)
Estimated casualties: 301 total (US 71; CS 230;)
Result: Union Victory

Brig. Gen. J.E.B. Stuart led a brigade-sized mixed force of cavalry, infantry, and artillery to protect a foraging expedition in the vicinity of Dranesville. Union Brig. Gen. E.O.C. Ord, advancing on the Georgetown Pike, encountered Stuart's cavalry. Both sides deployed as more units arrived on the field, and a sharp firefight developed. Stuart withdrew in the mid-afternoon after ensuring that his wagons were safely in the rear.

South Carolina units whose histories name it: 6th Regiment, South Carolina Infantry.

Summary: National Park Service, Civil War Sites Advisory Commission battle VA007.

Gaines' Mill VA017

Other name: First Cold Harbor
Campaign: Peninsula Campaign
Dates: March-July 1862
Principal commanders: Major General Fitz Porter [US] | Major General Robert Lee [CS]
Forces engaged: 91232 total (US 34214; CS 57018;)
Estimated casualties: 15587 total (US 6837; CS 8750;)
Result: Confederate Victory

This was the third of the Seven Days' Battles. On June 27, 1862, Gen. Robert E. Lee renewed his attacks against Porter's V Corps, which had established a strong defensive line behind Boatswain's Swamp north of the Chickahominy River. Porter's reinforced V Corps held fast for the afternoon against disjointed Confederate attacks, inflicting heavy casualties. At dusk, the Confederates finally mounted a coordinated assault that broke Porter's line and drove his soldiers back toward the river. The Federals retreated across the river during the night. Defeat at Gaines' Mill convinced McClellan to abandon his advance on Richmond and begin the retreat to James River. Gaines' Mill saved Richmond for the Confederacy in 1862.

South Carolina units whose histories name it: 1st Regiment, South Carolina Rifles (Orr's), 2nd Regiment, South Carolina Rifles, 4th Regiment, South Carolina Infantry, 5th Regiment, South Carolina Infantry, 6th Regiment, South Carolina Infantry, 12th Regiment, South Carolina Infantry, 13th Regiment, South Carolina Infantry, 14th Regiment, South Carolina Infantry, Hampton Legion, South Carolina, Palmetto Sharpshooters Regiment, South Carolina (Jenkins') (1st Palmetto).

Summary: National Park Service, Civil War Sites Advisory Commission battle VA017.

Glendale VA020B

Other name: Nelson's Farm, Frayser's Farm, Charles City Crossroads, White Oak Swamp, New Market Road, Riddell's Shop
Campaign: Peninsula Campaign
Dates: March-July 1862
Principal commanders: Major General George McClellan [US] | Major General Robert Lee [CS]
Forces engaged: 0 total (US 0; CS 0;)
Estimated casualties: 6300 total (US 2700; CS 3600;)
Result: Indecisive

This is the fifth of the Seven Days' Battles. On June 30, Huger's, Longstreet's, and A.P. Hill's divisions converged on the retreating Union army in the vicinity of Glendale or Frayser's Farm. Longstreet's and Hill's attacks penetrated the Union defense near Willis Church, routing McCall's division. McCall was captured. Union counterattacks by Hooker's and Kearny's divisions sealed the break and saved their line of retreat along the Willis Church Road. Huger's advance was stopped on the Charles City Road. "Stonewall" Jackson's divisions were delayed by Franklin at White Oak Swamp. Confederate Maj. Gen. T.H. Holmes made a feeble attempt to turn the Union left flank at Turkey Bridge but was driven back by Federal gunboats in James River. Union generals Meade and Sumner and Confederate generals Anderson, Pender, and Featherston were wounded. This was Lee's best chance to cut off the Union army from the James River. That night, McClellan established a strong position on Malvern Hill.

South Carolina units whose histories name it: 4th Regiment, South Carolina Infantry.

Summary: National Park Service, Civil War Sites Advisory Commission battle VA020B.

Malvern Hill VA021

Other name: Poindexter's Farm
Campaign: Peninsula Campaign
Dates: March-July 1862
Principal commanders: Major General George McClellan [US] | Major General Robert Lee [CS]
Forces engaged: 0 total (US 0; CS 0;)
Estimated casualties: 8355 total (US 3000; CS 5355;)
Result: Union Victory

This was the sixth and last of the Seven Days' Battles. On July 1, 1862, Gen. Robert E. Lee launched a series of disjointed assaults on the nearly impregnable Union position on Malvern Hill. The Confederates suffered more than 5,300 casualties without gaining an inch of ground. Despite his victory, McClellan withdrew to entrench at Harrison's Landing on James River, where his army was protected by gunboats. This ended the Peninsula Campaign. When McClellan's army ceased to threaten Richmond, Lee sent Jackson to operate against Maj. Gen. John Pope's army along the Rapidan River, thus initiating the Northern Virginia Campaign.

South Carolina units whose histories name it: 2nd Regiment, South Carolina Infantry (2nd Palmetto Regiment), 7th Regiment, South Carolina Infantry, 8th Regiment, South Carolina Infantry.

Summary: National Park Service, Civil War Sites Advisory Commission battle VA021.

Savage's Station VA019

Campaign: Peninsula Campaign
Dates: March-July 1862
Principal commanders: Major General Edwin Sumner [US] | Major General John Magruder [CS]
Forces engaged: 0 total (US 0; CS 0;)
Estimated casualties: 1363 total (US 919; CS 444;)
Result: Indecisive

Fourth of the Seven Days' Battles. On June 29, the main body of the Union army began a general withdrawal toward the James River. Magruder pursued along the railroad and the Williamsburg Road and struck Sumner's Corps (the Union rearguard) with three brigades near Savage's Station. Confederate Brig. Gen. Richard Giffith was mortally wounded during the fight. Jackson's divisions were stalled north of the Chickahominy. Union forces continued to withdraw across White Oak Swamp, abandoning supplies and more than 2,500 wounded soldiers in a field hospital.

South Carolina units whose histories name it: 2nd Regiment, South Carolina Infantry (2nd Palmetto Regiment), 3rd Regiment, South Carolina Infantry, 7th Regiment, South Carolina Infantry.

Summary: National Park Service, Civil War Sites Advisory Commission battle VA019.

Seven Pines VA014

Other name: Fair Oaks, Fair Oaks Station
Campaign: Peninsula Campaign
Dates: March-July 1862
Principal commanders: Major General George McClellan [US] | Lieutenant Colonel Joseph Johnston [CS]
Forces engaged: 0 total (US 0; CS 0;)
Estimated casualties: 11100 total (US 5000; CS 6100;)
Result: Indecisive

On May 31, Gen. Joseph E. Johnston attempted to overwhelm two Federal corps that appeared isolated south of the Chickahominy River. The Confederate assaults, though not well coordinated, succeeded in driving back the IV Corps and inflicting heavy casualties. Reinforcements arrived, and both sides fed more and more troops into the action. Supported by the III Corps and Sedgwick's division of Sumner's II Corps (that crossed the rain-swollen river on Grapevine Bridge), the Federal position was finally stabilized. Gen. Johnston was seriously wounded during the action, and command of the Confederate army devolved temporarily to Maj. Gen. G.W. Smith. On June 1, the Confederates renewed their assaults against the Federals who had brought up more reinforcements but made little headway. Both sides claimed victory. Confederate brigadier Robert H. Hatton was killed.

South Carolina units whose histories name it: 6th Regiment, South Carolina Infantry, Hampton Legion, South Carolina.

Summary: National Park Service, Civil War Sites Advisory Commission battle VA014.

Williamsburg VA010

Other name: Fort Magruder
Campaign: Peninsula Campaign
Dates: March-July 1862
Principal commanders: Major General George McClellan [US] | Major General James Longstreet [CS]
Forces engaged: 72591 total (US 40768; CS 31823;)
Estimated casualties: 3843 total (US 2283; CS 1560;)
Result: Indecisive

In the first pitched battle of the Peninsula Campaign, nearly 41,000 Federals and 32,000 Confederates were engaged. Following up the Confederate retreat from Yorktown, Hooker's division encountered the Confederate rearguard near Williamsburg. Hooker assaulted Fort Magruder, an earthen fortification alongside the Williamsburg Road, but was repulsed. Confederate counterattacks, directed by Maj. Gen. James Longstreet, threatened to overwhelm the Union left flank, until Kearny's division arrived to stabilize the Federal position. Hancock's brigade then moved to threaten the Confederate left flank, occupying two abandoned redoubts. The Confederates counterattacked unsuccessfully. Hancock's localized success was not exploited. The Confederate army continued its withdrawal during the night.

South Carolina units whose histories name it: 4th Regiment, South Carolina Infantry, 5th Regiment, South Carolina Infantry, 6th Regiment, South Carolina Infantry, Palmetto Sharpshooters Regiment, South Carolina (Jenkins') (1st Palmetto).

Summary: National Park Service, Civil War Sites Advisory Commission battle VA010.

Munfordville KY008

Other name: Green River Bridge
Campaign: Confederate Heartland Offensive
Dates: June-October 1862
Principal commanders: Colonel Cyrus Dunham [US] | Brigadier General James Chalmers [CS]
Forces engaged: 0 total (US 0; CS 0;)
Estimated casualties: 4433 total (US 4148; CS 285;)
Result: Confederate Victory

In the 1862 Confederate offensive into Kentucky, Gen. Braxton Bragg's army left Chattanooga, Tennessee, in late August. Followed by Maj. Gen. Don Carlos Buell's Union Army, Bragg approached Munfordville, a station on the Louisville & Nashville Railroad and the location of the railroad bridge crossing Green River, in mid-September. Col. John T. Wilder commanded the Union garrison at Munfordville which consisted of three regiments with extensive fortifications. Wilder refused Brig. Gen. James R. Chalmers's demand to surrender on the 14th. Union forces repulsed Chalmers's attacks on the 14th, forcing the Rebels to conduct siege operations on the 15th and 16th. Late on the 16th, realizing that Buell's forces were near and not wanting to kill or injure innocent civilians, the Confederates communicated still another demand for surrender. Wilder entered enemy lines under a flag of truce, and Confederate Maj. Gen. Simon B. Buckner escorted him to view all the Rebel troops and to convince him of the futility of resisting. Impressed, Wilder surrendered. The formal ceremony occurred the next day on the 17th. With the railroad and the bridge, Munfordville was an important transportation center, and the Confederate control affected the movement of Union supplies and men.

South Carolina units whose histories name it: 10th Regiment, South Carolina Infantry, 19th Regiment, South Carolina Infantry.

Summary: National Park Service, Civil War Sites Advisory Commission battle KY008.

Secessionville SC002

Other name: Ft. Lamar, James Island
Campaign: Operations Against Charleston
Dates: June 1862
Principal commanders: Brigadier General Henry Benham [US] | Brigadier General Nathan Evans [CS]
Forces engaged: 8600 total (US 6600; CS 2000;)
Estimated casualties: 887 total (US 683; CS 204;)
Result: Confederate Victory

Early June 1862, Maj. Gen. David Hunter transported Horatio G. Wright's and Isaac I. Stevens's Union divisions under immediate direction of Brig. Gen. Henry Benham to James Island where they entrenched at Grimball's Landing near the southern flank of the Confederate defenses. On June 16, contrary to Hunter's orders, Benham launched an unsuccessful frontal assault against Fort Lamar at Secessionville. Because Benham was said to have disobeyed orders, Hunter relieved him of command.

South Carolina units whose histories name it: 1st Battalion, South Carolina Infantry (Charleston) (Gaillard's), 1st Regiment, South Carolina Artillery, 9th Regiment, South Carolina Infantry, 22nd Regiment, South Carolina Infantry, 24th Regiment, South Carolina Infantry, 25th Regiment, South Carolina Infantry (Eutaw Regiment), 27th Regiment, South Carolina Infantry (Gaillard's), Manigault's Battalion, South Carolina Artillery.

Summary: National Park Service, Civil War Sites Advisory Commission battle SC002.

Chantilly VA027

Other name: Ox Hill
Campaign: Northern Virginia Campaign
Dates: August 1862
Principal commanders: Major General Philip Kearny [US] | Major General Thomas Jackson [CS]
Forces engaged: 0 total (US 0; CS 0;)
Estimated casualties: 2100 total (US 1300; CS 800;)
Result: Indecisive

Making a wide flank march, Jackson hoped to cut off the Union retreat from Bull Run. On September 1, beyond Chantilly Plantation on the Little River Turnpike near Ox Hill, Jackson sent his divisions against two Union divisions under Kearny and Stevens. Confederate attacks were stopped by fierce fighting during a severe thunderstorm. Union generals Stevens and Kearny were both killed. Recognizing that his army was still in danger at Fairfax Courthouse, Maj. Gen. Pope ordered the retreat to continue to Washington. With Pope no longer a threat, Lee turned his army west and north to invade Maryland, initiating the Maryland Campaign and the battles of South Mountain and Antietam. Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan assumed command of Union forces around Washington.

South Carolina units whose histories name it: 1st Regiment, South Carolina Infantry (McCreary's) (1st Provisional Army), 13th Regiment, South Carolina Infantry.

Summary: National Park Service, Civil War Sites Advisory Commission battle VA027.

Manassas II VA026

Other name: Manassas, Second Bull Run, Manassas Plans, Groverton, Gainesville, Brawner's Farm
Campaign: Northern Virginia Campaign
Dates: August 1862
Principal commanders: Major General John Pope [US] | Major General Robert Lee [CS]
Forces engaged: 0 total (US 0; CS 0;)
Estimated casualties: 22179 total (US 13826; CS 8353;)
Result: Confederate Victory

In order to draw Pope's army into battle, Jackson ordered an attack on a Federal column that was passing across his front on the Warrenton Turnpike on August 28. The fighting at Brawner Farm lasted several hours and resulted in a stalemate. Pope became convinced that he had trapped Jackson and concentrated the bulk of his army against him. On August 29, Pope launched a series of assaults against Jackson's position along an unfinished railroad grade. The attacks were repulsed with heavy casualties on both sides. At noon, Longstreet arrived on the field from Thoroughfare Gap and took position on Jackson's right flank. On August 30, Pope renewed his attacks, seemingly unaware that Longstreet was on the field. When massed Confederate artillery devastated a Union assault by Fitz John Porter's command, Longstreet's wing of 28,000 men counterattacked in the largest, simultaneous mass assault of the war. The Union left flank was crushed and the army driven back to Bull Run. Only an effective Union rearguard action prevented a replay of the First Manassas disaster. Pope's retreat to Centreville was precipitous, nonetheless. The next day, Lee ordered his army in pursuit. This was the decisive battle of the Northern Virginia Campaign.

Summary: National Park Service, Civil War Sites Advisory Commission battle VA026.

Rappahannock Station I VA023

Other name: Waterloo Bridge, White Sulphur Springs, Lee Springs, Freeman's Ford
Campaign: Northern Virginia Campaign
Dates: August 1862
Principal commanders: Major General John Pope [US] | Major General Thomas Jackson [CS]
Forces engaged: 0 total (US 0; CS 0;)
Estimated casualties: 0 total (US 0; CS 0;)
Result: Indecisive

Early August, Lee determined that McClellan's army was being withdrawn from the Peninsula to reinforce John Pope. He sent Longstreet from Richmond to join Jackson's wing of the army near Gordonsville and arrived to take command himself on August 15. August 20-21, Pope withdrew to the line of the Rappahannock River. On August 23, Stuart's cavalry made a daring raid on Pope's headquarters at Catlett Station, showing that the Union right flank was vulnerable to a turning movement. Over the next several days, August 22-25, the two armies fought a series of minor actions along the Rappahannock River, including Waterloo Bridge, Lee Springs, Freeman's Ford, and Sulphur Springs, resulting in a few hundred casualties. Together, these skirmishes primed Pope's army along the river, while Jackson's wing marched via Thoroughfare Gap to capture Bristoe Station and destroy Federal supplies at Manassas Junction, far in the rear of Pope's army.

South Carolina units whose histories name it: 22nd Regiment, South Carolina Infantry.

Summary: National Park Service, Civil War Sites Advisory Commission battle VA023.

Antietam MD003

Other name: Sharpsburg
Campaign: Maryland Campaign
Dates: September 1862
Principal commanders: Major General George McClellan [US] | Major General Robert Lee [CS]
Forces engaged: 0 total (US 0; CS 0;)
Estimated casualties: 22700 total (US 12400; CS 10300;)
Result: Indecisive

On September 16, Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan confronted Lee's Army of Northern Virginia at Sharpsburg, Maryland. At dawn September 17, Hooker's corps mounted a powerful assault on Lee's left flank that began the single bloodiest day in American military history. Attacks and counterattacks swept across Miller's cornfield and fighting swirled around the Dunker Church. Union assaults against the Sunken Road eventually pierced the Confederate center, but the Federal advantage was not followed up. Late in the day, Burnside's corps finally got into action, crossing the stone bridge over Antietam Creek and rolling up the Confederate right. At a crucial moment, A.P. Hill's division arrived from Harpers Ferry and counterattacked, driving back Burnside and saving the day. Although outnumbered two-to-one, Lee committed his entire force, while McClellan sent in less than three-quarters of his army, enabling Lee to fight the Federals to a standstill. During the night, both armies consolidated their lines. In spite of crippling casualties, Lee continued to skirmish with McClellan throughout the 18th, while removing his wounded south of the river. McClellan did not renew the assaults. After dark, Lee ordered the battered Army of Northern Virginia to withdraw across the Potomac into the Shenandoah Valley.

Summary: National Park Service, Civil War Sites Advisory Commission battle MD003.

South Mountain MD002

Other name: Crampton's Gap, Turner's Gap, Fox's Gap
Campaign: Maryland Campaign
Dates: September 1862
Principal commanders: Major General George McClellan [US] | Major General Robert Lee [CS]
Forces engaged: 0 total (US 0; CS 0;)
Estimated casualties: 4625 total (US 2325; CS 2300;)
Result: Indecisive

After invading Maryland in September 1862, Gen. Robert E. Lee divided his army to march on and invest Harpers Ferry. The Army of the Potomac under Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan pursued the Confederates to Frederick, Maryland, then advanced on South Mountain. On September 14, pitched battles were fought for possession of the South Mountain passes: Crampton's, Turner's, and Fox's Gaps. By dusk the Confederate defenders were driven back, suffering severe casualties, and McClellan was in position to destroy Lee's army before it could reconcentrate. McClellan's limited activity on September 15 after his victory at South Mountain, however, condemned the garrison at Harpers Ferry to capture and gave Lee time to unite his scattered divisions at Sharpsburg. Union general Jesse Reno and Confederate general Samuel Garland, Jr., were killed at South Mountain.

South Carolina units whose histories name it: 1st Regiment, South Carolina Infantry (Hagood's), 2nd Regiment, South Carolina Cavalry, 17th Regiment, South Carolina Infantry, 18th Regiment, South Carolina Infantry, 22nd Regiment, South Carolina Infantry, 23rd Regiment, South Carolina Infantry (Hatch's Coast Rangers), Holcombe Legion, South Carolina, Palmetto Sharpshooters Regiment, South Carolina (Jenkins') (1st Palmetto).

Summary: National Park Service, Civil War Sites Advisory Commission battle MD002.

Fredericksburg I VA028

Other name: Marye's Heights
Campaign: Fredericksburg Campaign
Dates: November-December 1862
Principal commanders: Major General Ambrose Burnside [US] | Major General Robert Lee [CS]
Forces engaged: 100007 total (US 0; CS 100007;)
Estimated casualties: 17900 total (US 12600; CS 5300;)
Result: Confederate Victory

On November 14, Burnside, now in command of the Army of the Potomac, sent a corps to occupy the vicinity of Falmouth near Fredericksburg. The rest of the army soon followed. Lee reacted by entrenching his army on the heights behind the town. On December 11, Union engineers laid five pontoon bridges across the Rappahannock under fire. On the 12th, the Federal army crossed over, and on December 13, Burnside mounted a series of futile frontal assaults on Prospect Hill and Marye's Heights that resulted in staggering casualties. Meade's division, on the Union left flank, briefly penetrated Jackson's line but was driven back by a counterattack. Union generals C. Feger Jackson and George Bayard, and Confederate generals Thomas R.R. Cobb and Maxey Gregg were killed. On December 15, Burnside called off the offensive and recrossed the river, ending the campaign. Burnside initiated a new offensive in January 1863, which quickly bogged down in the winter mud. The abortive "Mud March" and other failures led to Burnside's replacement by Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker in January 1863.

Summary: National Park Service, Civil War Sites Advisory Commission battle VA028.

Kinston NC007

Campaign: Goldsboro Expedition
Dates: December 1862
Principal commanders: Brigadier General John Foster [US] | Brigadier General Nathan Evans [CS]
Forces engaged: 0 total (US 0; CS 0;)
Estimated casualties: 685 total (US 160; CS 525;)
Result: Union Victory

A Union expedition led by Brig. Gen. John G. Foster left New Berne in December to disrupt the Wilmington & Weldon Railroad at Goldsborough. The advance was stubbornly contested by Evans's Brigade near Kinston Bridge on December 14, but the Confederates were outnumbered and withdrew north of the Neuse River in the direction of Goldsborough. Foster continued his movement the next day, taking the River Road, south of the Neuse River.

South Carolina units whose histories name it: 17th Regiment, South Carolina Infantry.

Summary: National Park Service, Civil War Sites Advisory Commission battle NC007.

Stones River TN010

Other name: Murfreesboro
Campaign: Stones River Campaign
Dates: December 1862-January 1863
Principal commanders: Major General William Rosecrans [US] | Major General Braxton Bragg [CS]
Forces engaged: 45000 total (US 45000; CS 0;)
Estimated casualties: 23000 total (US 13000; CS 10000;)
Result: Union Victory

After Gen. Braxton Bragg's defeat at Perryville, Kentucky, October 8, 1862, he and his Confederate Army of the Mississippi retreated, reorganized, and were redesignated as the Army of Tennessee. They then advanced to Murfreesboro, Tennessee, and prepared to go into winter quarters. Maj. Gen. William S. Rosecrans's Union Army of the Cumberland followed Bragg from Kentucky to Nashville. Rosecrans left Nashville on December 26, with about 44,000 men, to defeat Bragg's army of more than 37,000. He found Bragg's army on December 29 and went into camp that night, within hearing distance of the Rebels. At dawn on the 31st, Bragg's men attacked the Union right flank. The Confederates had driven the Union line back to the Nashville Pike by 10:00 am but there it held. Union reinforcements arrived from Rosecrans's left in the late forenoon to bolster the stand, and before fighting stopped that day the Federals had established a new, strong line. On New Years Day, both armies marked time. Bragg surmised that Rosecrans would now withdraw, but the next morning he was still in position. In late afternoon, Bragg hurled a division at a Union division that, on January 1, had crossed Stones River and had taken up a strong position on the bluff east of the river. The Confederates drove most of the Federals back across McFadden's Ford, but with the assistance of artillery, the Federals repulsed the attack, compelling the Rebels to retire to their original position. Bragg left the field on the January 4-5, retreating to Shelbyville and Tullahoma, Tennessee. Rosecrans did not pursue, but as the Confederates retired, he claimed the victory. Stones River boosted Union morale. The Confederates had been thrown back in the east, west, and in the Trans-Mississippi.

South Carolina units whose histories name it: 10th Regiment, South Carolina Infantry, 19th Regiment, South Carolina Infantry.

Summary: National Park Service, Civil War Sites Advisory Commission battle TN010.

Jackson MS008

Campaign: Grant's Operations Against Vicksburg
Dates: March-July 1863
Principal commanders: Lieutenant General Ulysses Grant [US] | Lieutenant Colonel Joseph Johnston [CS]
Forces engaged: 0 total (US 0; CS 0;)
Estimated casualties: 1136 total (US 286; CS 850;)
Result: Union Victory

On May 9, 1863, Gen. Joseph E. Johnston received a dispatch from the Confederate Secretary of War directing him to "proceed at once to Mississippi and take chief command of the forces in the field." As he arrived in Jackson on the 13th, from Middle Tennessee, he learned that two army corps from the Union Army of the Tennessee-the XV, under Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman, and the XVII, under Maj. Gen. James Birdseye McPherson-were advancing on Jackson, intending to cut the city and the railroads off from Vicksburg. Johnston consulted with the local commander, Brig. Gen. John Gregg, and learned that only about 6,000 troops were available to defend the town. Johnston ordered the evacuation of Jackson, but Gregg was to defend Jackson until the evacuation was completed. By 10:00 am, both Union army corps were near Jackson and had engaged the enemy. Rain, Confederate resistance, and poor defenses prevented heavy fighting until around 11:00 am, when Union forces attacked in numbers and slowly but surely pushed the enemy back. In mid-afternoon, Johnston informed Gregg that the evacuation was complete and that he should disengage and follow. Soon after, the Yankees entered Jackson and had a celebration, hosted by Maj. Gen. U.S. Grant who had been travelling with Sherman's corps, in the Bowman House. They then burned part of the town and cut the railroad connections with Vicksburg. Johnston's evacuation of Jackson was a tragedy because he could, by late on the 14th, have had 11,000 troops at his disposal and by the morning of the 15th, another 4,000. The fall of the former Mississippi state capital was a blow to Confederate morale.

South Carolina units whose histories name it: 17th Regiment, South Carolina Infantry, 18th Regiment, South Carolina Infantry, 23rd Regiment, South Carolina Infantry (Hatch's Coast Rangers), 24th Regiment, South Carolina Infantry, Jeter's Company, South Carolina Light Artillery (Macbeth Light Artillery).

Summary: National Park Service, Civil War Sites Advisory Commission battle MS008.

Kelly's Ford VA029

Other name: Kellysville
Campaign: Cavalry Operations Along the Rappahannock
Dates: March 1863
Principal commanders: Brigadier General William Averell [US] | Major General Fitzhugh Lee [CS]
Forces engaged: 0 total (US 0; CS 0;)
Estimated casualties: 179 total (US 99; CS 80;)
Result: Indecisive

Kelly's Ford was one of the early larger scale cavalry fights in Virginia that set the stage for Brandy Station and cavalry actions of the Gettysburg campaign. Twenty-one hundred troopers of Averell's cavalry division crossed the Rappahannock River to attack the Confederate cavalry. Fitzhugh Lee counterattacked with a brigade of about 800 men. The "Gallant" Pelham was killed. After achieving a localized success, Union forces withdrew in mid-afternoon.

South Carolina units whose histories name it: 1st Regiment, South Carolina Cavalry.

Summary: National Park Service, Civil War Sites Advisory Commission battle VA029.

Suffolk I VA031

Other name: Fort Huger, Hill's Point
Campaign: Longstreet's Tidewater Operations
Dates: March-April 1863
Principal commanders: Brigadier General John Peck [US] | Major General James Longstreet [CS]
Forces engaged: 0 total (US 0; CS 0;)
Estimated casualties: 0 total (US 0; CS 0;)
Result: Indecisive

On April 19, a Union infantry force landed on Hill's Point at the confluence of the forks of the Nansemond River. This amphibious force assaulted Fort Huger from the rear, quickly capturing its garrison, thus reopening the river to Union shipping. On April 24, Brig. Gen. Michael Corcoran's Union division mounted a reconnaissance-in-force from Fort Dix against Maj. Gen. George E. Pickett's extreme right flank. The Federals approached cautiously and were easily repulsed. On April 29, Gen. Robert E. Lee directed Longstreet to disengage from Suffolk and rejoin the Army of Northern Virginia at Fredericksburg. By May 4, the last of Longstreet's command had crossed the Blackwater River en route to Richmond.

South Carolina units whose histories name it: 6th Regiment, South Carolina Infantry, Bachman's Company, South Carolina Artillery (German Light Artillery).

Summary: National Park Service, Civil War Sites Advisory Commission battle VA031.

Chancellorsville VA032

Campaign: Chancellorsville Campaign
Dates: April-May 1863
Principal commanders: Major General Joseph Hooker [US] | Major General Robert Lee [CS]
Forces engaged: 0 total (US 0; CS 0;)
Estimated casualties: 0 total (US 0; CS 0;)
Result: Confederate Victory

On April 27, Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker led the V, XI, and XII Corps on a campaign to turn the Confederate left flank by crossing the Rappahannock and Rapidan Rivers above Fredericksburg. Passing the Rapidan via Germanna and Ely's Fords, the Federals concentrated near Chancellorsville on April 30 and May 1. The III Corps was ordered to join the army via United States Ford. Sedgwick's VI Corps and Gibbon's division remained to demonstrate against the Confederates at Fredericksburg. In the meantime, Lee left a covering force under Maj. Gen. Jubal Early in Fredericksburg and marched with the rest of the army to confront the Federals. As Hooker's army moved toward Fredericksburg on the Orange Turnpike, they encountered increasing Confederate resistance. Hearing reports of overwhelming Confederate force, Hooker ordered his army to suspend the advance and to concentrate again at Chancellorsville. Pressed closely by Lee's advance, Hooker adopted a defensive posture, thus giving Lee the initiative. On the morning of May 2, Lt. Gen. T.J. Jackson directed his corps on a march against the Federal left flank, which was reported to be "hanging in the air." Fighting was sporadic on other portions of the field throughout the day, as Jackson's column reached its jump-off point. At 5:20 pm, Jackson's line surged forward in an overwhelming attack that crushed the Union XI Corps. Federal troops rallied, resisted the advance, and counterattacked. Disorganization on both sides and darkness ended the fighting. While making a night reconnaissance, Jackson was mortally wounded by his own men and carried from the field. J.E.B. Stuart took temporary command of Jackson's Corps. On May 3, the Confederates attacked with both wings of the army and massed their artillery at Hazel Grove. This finally broke the Federal line at Chancellorsville. Hooker withdrew a mile and entrenched in a defensive "U" with his back to the river at United States Ford. Union generals Berry and Whipple and Confederate general Paxton were killed; Stonewall Jackson was mortally wounded. On the night of May 5-6, after Union reverses at Salem Church, Hooker recrossed to the north bank of the Rappahannock. This battle was considered by many historians to be Lee's greatest victory.

South Carolina units whose histories name it: 1st Regiment, South Carolina Infantry (McCreary's) (1st Provisional Army), 1st Regiment, South Carolina Rifles (Orr's), 3rd Battalion, South Carolina Infantry (Lauren's) (James'), 3rd Regiment, South Carolina Infantry, 12th Regiment, South Carolina Infantry, 13th Regiment, South Carolina Infantry, 14th Regiment, South Carolina Infantry, 15th Regiment, South Carolina Infantry.

Summary: National Park Service, Civil War Sites Advisory Commission battle VA032.

Fort Sumter II SC008

Other name: Charleston Harbor, Morris Island
Campaign: Operations Against Defenses of Charleston
Dates: April-September 1863
Principal commanders: Brigadier General Quincy Gillmore [US] | Brigadier General Pierre Beauregard [CS]
Forces engaged: 0 total (US 0; CS 0;)
Estimated casualties: 0 total (US 0; CS 0;)
Result: Indecisive

Federal batteries erected on Morris Island opened fire on August 17 and continued their bombardment of Fort Sumter and the Charleston defenses until August 23. Despite a severe pounding, Fort Sumter's garrison held out. Siege operations continued against Fort Wagner on Morris Island.

South Carolina units whose histories name it: 1st Battalion, South Carolina Infantry (Charleston) (Gaillard's), 1st Regiment, South Carolina Artillery, 2nd Regiment, South Carolina Artillery.

Summary: National Park Service, Civil War Sites Advisory Commission battle SC008.

Fort Wagner II/Morris Island SC007

Other name: Second Assault, Morris Island
Campaign: Operations Against Defenses of Charleston
Dates: April-September 1863
Principal commanders: Brigadier General Quincy Gillmore [US] | Brigadier General Pierre Beauregard [CS]
Forces engaged: 6800 total (US 5000; CS 1800;)
Estimated casualties: 1737 total (US 1515; CS 222;)
Result: Confederate Victory

After the July 11 assault on Fort Wagner failed, Gillmore reinforced his beachhead on Morris Island. At dusk July 18, Gillmore launched an attack spearheaded by the 54th Massachusetts Infantry, a black regiment. The unit's colonel, Robert Gould Shaw, was killed. Members of the brigade scaled the parapet but after brutal hand-to-hand combat were driven out with heavy casualties. The Federals resorted to siege operations to reduce the fort. This was the fourth time in the war that black troops played a crucial combat role, proving to skeptics that they would fight bravely if only given the chance.

South Carolina units whose histories name it: 20th Regiment, South Carolina Infantry.

Summary: National Park Service, Civil War Sites Advisory Commission battle SC007.

Grimball's Island SC006

Other name: Seccessionville, James Island
Campaign: Operations Against Defenses of Charleston
Dates: April-September 1863
Principal commanders: Brigadier General Alfred Terry [US] | Brigadier General Johnson Hagood [CS]
Forces engaged: 6800 total (US 3800; CS 3000;)
Estimated casualties: 64 total (US 46; CS 18;)
Result: Indecisive

To divert Confederate reinforcements from a renewed attack on Fort Wagner, Gen. Gillmore designed two feints. An amphibious force ascended Stono River to threaten the Charleston & Savannah Railroad bridge. A second force, consisting of Terry's division, landed on James Island on July 8. Terry demonstrated against the Confederate defenses. On July 16, the Confederates attacked Terry's camp at Grimball's Landing. Because of incomplete reconnaissance of the difficult, marshy ground, the disorganized Confederate attack was soon aborted. Their mission accomplished, Federal troops withdrew from the island on July 17.

South Carolina units whose histories name it: Manigault's Battalion, South Carolina Artillery.

Summary: National Park Service, Civil War Sites Advisory Commission battle SC006.

Brandy Station VA035

Other name: Fleetwood Hill
Campaign: Gettysburg Campaign
Dates: June-July 1863
Principal commanders: Major General Alfred Pleasonton [US] | James Stuart [CS]
Forces engaged: 0 total (US 0; CS 0;)
Estimated casualties: 1383 total (US 868; CS 515;)
Result: Indecisive

At dawn June 9, the Union cavalry corps under Maj. Gen. Alfred Pleasonton launched a surprise attack on Stuart's cavalry at Brandy Station. After an all-day fight in which fortunes changed repeatedly, the Federals retired without discovering Lee's infantry camped near Culpeper. This battle marked the apogee of the Confederate cavalry in the East. From this point in the war, the Federal cavalry gained strength and confidence. Brandy Station was the largest cavalry battle of the war and the opening engagement of the Gettysburg Campaign.

South Carolina units whose histories name it: 1st Regiment, South Carolina Cavalry, 2nd Regiment, South Carolina Cavalry.

Summary: National Park Service, Civil War Sites Advisory Commission battle VA035.

Gettysburg PA002

Campaign: Gettysburg Campaign
Dates: June-July 1863
Principal commanders: Major General George Meade [US] | Major General Robert Lee [CS]
Forces engaged: 158343 total (US 83289; CS 75054;)
Estimated casualties: 51000 total (US 23000; CS 28000;)
Result: Union Victory

Gen. Robert E. Lee concentrated his full strength against Maj. Gen. George G. Meade's Army of the Potomac at the crossroads county seat of Gettysburg. On July 1, Confederate forces converged on the town from west and north, driving Union defenders back through the streets to Cemetery Hill. During the night, reinforcements arrived for both sides. On July 2, Lee attempted to envelop the Federals, first striking the Union left flank at the Peach Orchard, Wheatfield, Devil's Den, and the Round Tops with Longstreet's and Hill's divisions, and then attacking the Union right at Culp's and East Cemetery Hills with Ewell's divisions. By evening, the Federals retained Little Round Top and had repulsed most of Ewell's men. During the morning of July 3, the Confederate infantry were driven from their last toe-hold on Culp's Hill. In the afternoon, after a preliminary artillery bombardment, Lee attacked the Union center on Cemetery Ridge. The Pickett-Pettigrew assault (more popularly, Pickett's Charge) momentarily pierced the Union line but was driven back with severe casualties. Stuart's cavalry attempted to gain the Union rear but was repulsed. On July 4, Lee began withdrawing his army toward Williamsport on the Potomac River. His train of wounded stretched more than fourteen miles.

Summary: National Park Service, Civil War Sites Advisory Commission battle PA002.

Upperville VA038

Campaign: Gettysburg Campaign
Dates: June-July 1863
Principal commanders: Major General Alfred Pleasonton [US] | Lieutenant General Wade Hampton [CS]
Forces engaged: 0 total (US 0; CS 0;)
Estimated casualties: 0 total (US 0; CS 0;)
Result: Indecisive

On June 21, Union cavalry made a determined effort to pierce Stuart's cavalry screen. Hampton's and Robertson's brigades made a stand at Goose Creek, west of Middleburg, and beat back Gregg's division. Buford's column detoured to attack the Confederate left flank near Upperville but encountered William E. "Grumble" Jones's and John R. Chambliss's brigades while J.I. Gregg's and Kilpatrick's brigades advanced on the Upperville from the east along the Little River Turnpike. After furious mounted fighting, Stuart withdrew to take a strong defensive position in Ashby Gap, even as Confederate infantry crossed the Potomac into Maryland. As cavalry skirmishing diminished, Stuart made the fateful decision to strike east and make a circuit of the Union army as it marched toward Gettysburg.

South Carolina units whose histories name it: 1st Regiment, South Carolina Cavalry, 2nd Regiment, South Carolina Cavalry.

Summary: National Park Service, Civil War Sites Advisory Commission battle VA038.

Winchester II VA107

Campaign: Gettysburg Campaign
Dates: June-July 1863
Principal commanders: Brigadier General Robert Milroy [US] | Lieutenant General Richard Ewell [CS]
Forces engaged: 19500 total (US 7000; CS 12500;)
Estimated casualties: 4709 total (US 4443; CS 266;)
Result: Confederate Victory

After the Battle of Brandy Station, June 9, 1863, Lee ordered the II Corps, Army of Northern Virginia, under Lt. Gen. Richard S. Ewell, to clear the lower Shenandoah Valley of Union opposition. Ewell's columns converged on Winchester's garrison commanded by Brig. Gen. Robert Milroy. After fighting on the afternoon of June 13 and the capture of West Fort by the Louisiana Brigade on June 14, Milroy abandoned his entrenchments after dark in an attempt to reach Charles Town. "Allegheny" Johnson's division conducted a night flanking march and before daylight of the 15th cut off Milroy's retreat just north of Winchester at Stephenson's Depot. More than 2,400 Federals surrendered. This Confederate victory cleared the Valley of Union troops and opened the door for Lee's second invasion of the North.

South Carolina units whose histories name it: 2nd Regiment, South Carolina Cavalry.

Summary: National Park Service, Civil War Sites Advisory Commission battle VA107.

Chickamauga GA004

Campaign: Chickamauga Campaign
Dates: August-September 1863
Principal commanders: Major General William Rosecrans [US] | Major General Braxton Bragg [CS]
Forces engaged: 0 total (US 0; CS 0;)
Estimated casualties: 34624 total (US 16170; CS 18454;)
Result: Confederate Victory

After the Tullahoma Campaign, Rosecrans renewed his offensive, aiming to force the Confederates out of Chattanooga. The three army corps comprising Rosecrans' s army split and set out for Chattanooga by separate routes. In early September, Rosecrans consolidated his forces scattered in Tennessee and Georgia and forced Bragg's army out of Chattanooga, heading south. The Union troops followed it and brushed with it at Davis' Cross Roads. Bragg was determined to reoccupy Chattanooga and decided to meet a part of Rosecrans's army, defeat them, and then move back into the city. On the 17th he headed north, intending to meet and beat the XXI Army Corps. As Bragg marched north on the 18th, his cavalry and infantry fought with Union cavalry and mounted infantry which were armed with Spencer repeating rifles. Fighting began in earnest on the morning of the 19th, and Bragg's men hammered but did not break the Union line. The next day, Bragg continued his assault on the Union line on the left, and in late morning, Rosecrans was informed that he had a gap in his line. In moving units to shore up the supposed gap, Rosencrans created one, and James Longstreet's men promptly exploited it, driving one-third of the Union army, including Rosecrans himself, from the field. George H. Thomas took over command and began consolidating forces on Horseshoe Ridge and Snodgrass Hill. Although the Rebels launched determined assaults on these forces, they held until after dark. Thomas then led these men from the field leaving it to the Confederates. The Union retired to Chattanooga while the Rebels occupied the surrounding heights.

Summary: National Park Service, Civil War Sites Advisory Commission battle GA004.

Bristoe Station VA040

Campaign: Bristoe Campaign
Dates: October-November 1863
Principal commanders: Major General Gouverneur Warren [US] | Lieutenant General Ambrose Hill [CS]
Forces engaged: 0 total (US 0; CS 0;)
Estimated casualties: 1920 total (US 540; CS 1380;)
Result: Union Victory

On October 14, 1863, A.P. Hill's corps stumbled upon two corps of the retreating Union army at Bristoe Station and attacked without proper reconnaissance. Union soldiers of the II Corps, posted behind the Orange & Alexandria Railroad embankment, mauled two brigades of Henry Heth's division and captured a battery of artillery. Hill reinforced his line but could make little headway against the determined defenders. After this victory, the Federals continued their withdrawal to Centreville unmolested. Lee's Bristoe offensive sputtered to a premature halt. After minor skirmishing near Manassas and Centreville, the Confederates retired slowly to Rappahannock River destroying the Orange & Alexandria Railroad as they went. At Bristoe Station, Hill lost standing in the eyes of Lee, who angrily ordered him to bury his dead and say no more about it.

South Carolina units whose histories name it: 1st Regiment, South Carolina Cavalry, 2nd Regiment, South Carolina Cavalry.

Summary: National Park Service, Civil War Sites Advisory Commission battle VA040.

Wauhatchie TN021

Other name: Brown's Ferry
Campaign: Reopening the Tennessee River
Dates: October 1863
Principal commanders: Major General Joseph Hooker [US] | Brigadier General Micah Jenkins [CS]
Forces engaged: 0 total (US 0; CS 0;)
Estimated casualties: 572 total (US 216; CS 356;)
Result: Union Victory

In an effort to relieve Union forces besieged in Chattanooga, Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas and Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant initiated the "Cracker Line Operation" on October 26, 1863. This operation required the opening of the road to Chattanooga from Brown's Ferry on the Tennessee River with a simultaneous advance up Lookout Valley, securing the Kelley's Ferry Road. Union Chief Engineer, Military Division of the Mississippi, Brig. Gen. William F. "Baldy" Smith, with Brig. Gen. John B. Turchin's and Brig. Gen. William B. Hazen's 1st and 2nd brigades, 3rd Division, IV Army Corps, was assigned the task of establishing the Brown's Ferry bridgehead. Meanwhile, Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker, with three divisions, marched from Bridgeport through Lookout Valley towards Brown's Ferry from the south. At 3:00 am, on October 27, portions of Hazen's brigade embarked upon pontoons and floated around Moccasin Bend to Brown's Ferry. Turchin's brigade took a position on Moccasin Bend across from Brown's Ferry. Upon landing, Hazen secured the bridgehead and then positioned a pontoon bridge across the river, allowing Turchin to cross and take position on his right. Hooker, while his force passed through Lookout Valley on October 28, detached Brig. Gen. John W. Geary's division at Wauhatchie Station, a stop on the Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad, to protect the line of communications to the south as well as the road west to Kelley's Ferry. Observing the Union movements on the 27th and 28th, Confederate Lt. Gen. James Longstreet and Gen. Braxton Bragg decided to mount a night attack on Wauhatchie Station. Although the attack was scheduled for 10:00 pm on the night of October 28, confusion delayed it till midnight. Surprised by the attack, Geary's division, at Wauhatchie Station, formed into a V-shaped battle line. Hearing the din of battle, Hooker, at Brown's Ferry, sent Maj. Gen. Oliver Otis Howard with two XI Army Corps divisions to Wauhatchie Station as reinforcements. As more and more Union troops arrived, the Confederates fell back to Lookout Mountain. The Federals now had their window to the outside and could receive supplies, weapons, ammunition, and reinforcements via the Cracker Line. Relatively few night engagements occurred during the Civil War; Wauhatchie is one of the most significant.

South Carolina units whose histories name it: 1st Regiment, South Carolina Infantry (Hagood's), 2nd Regiment, South Carolina Rifles, Hampton Legion, South Carolina, Palmetto Sharpshooters Regiment, South Carolina (Jenkins') (1st Palmetto).

Summary: National Park Service, Civil War Sites Advisory Commission battle TN021.

Chattanooga III TN024

Other name: Missionary Ridge, Lookout Mountain
Campaign: Chattanooga-Ringgold Campaign
Dates: November 1863
Principal commanders: Lieutenant General Ulysses Grant [US] | Major General Braxton Bragg [CS]
Forces engaged: 0 total (US 0; CS 0;)
Estimated casualties: 12482 total (US 5815; CS 6667;)
Result: Union Victory

From the last days of September through October 1863, Gen. Braxton Bragg's army laid siege to the Union army under Maj. Gen. William Rosecrans at Chattanooga, cutting off its supplies. On October 17, Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant received command of the Western armies; he moved to reinforce Chattanooga and replaced Rosecrans with Maj. Gen. George Thomas. A new supply line was soon established. Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman arrived with his four divisions in mid-November, and the Federals began offensive operations. On November 23-24, Union forces struck out and captured Orchard Knob and Lookout Mountain. On November 25, Union soldiers assaulted and carried the seemingly impregnable Confederate position on Missionary Ridge. One of the Confederacy's two major armies was routed. The Federals held Chattanooga, the "Gateway to the Lower South," which became the supply and logistics base for Sherman's 1864 Atlanta Campaign.

South Carolina units whose histories name it: Beauregard's Company, South Carolina Light Artillery (Ferguson's).

Summary: National Park Service, Civil War Sites Advisory Commission battle TN024.

Mine Run VA044

Other name: Payne's Farm, New Hope Church
Campaign: Mine Run Campaign
Dates: November-December 1863
Principal commanders: Major General George Meade [US] | Major General Robert Lee [CS]
Forces engaged: 114069 total (US 69643; CS 44426;)
Estimated casualties: 2428 total (US 1633; CS 795;)
Result: Indecisive

Payne's Farm and New Hope Church were the first and heaviest clashes of the Mine Run Campaign. In late November 1863, Meade attempted to steal a march through the Wilderness and strike the right flank of the Confederate army south of the Rapidan River. Maj. Gen. Jubal A. Early in command of Ewell's Corps marched east on the Orange Turnpike to meet the advance of William French's III Corps near Payne's Farm. Carr's division (US) attacked twice. Johnson's division (CS) counterattacked but was scattered by heavy fire and broken terrain. After dark, Lee withdrew to prepared field fortifications along Mine Run. The next day the Union army closed on the Confederate position. Skirmishing was heavy, but a major attack did not materialize. Meade concluded that the Confederate line was too strong to attack and retired during the night of December 1-2, ending the winter campaign.

South Carolina units whose histories name it: 1st Regiment, South Carolina Cavalry, 2nd Regiment, South Carolina Cavalry, Zimmerman's Company, South Carolina Artillery (Pee Dee Artillery).

Summary: National Park Service, Civil War Sites Advisory Commission battle VA044.

Atlanta GA017

Campaign: Morgan's Raid Into Kentucky
Dates: May-September 1864
Principal commanders: General William Sherman [US] | General John Hood [CS]
Forces engaged: 0 total (US 0; CS 0;)
Estimated casualties: 12140 total (US 3641; CS 8499;)
Result: Union Victory

Following the Battle of Peachtree Creek, Hood determined to attack Maj. Gen. James B. McPherson's Army of the Tennessee. He withdrew his main army at night from Atlanta' s outer line to the inner line, enticing Sherman to follow. In the meantime, he sent William J. Hardee with his corps on a fifteen-mile march to hit the unprotected Union left and rear, east of the city. Wheeler's cavalry was to operate farther out on Sherman's supply line, and Gen. Frank Cheatham's corps were to attack the Union front. Hood, however, miscalculated the time necessary to make the march, and Hardee was unable to attack until afternoon. Although Hood had outmaneuvered Sherman for the time being, McPherson was concerned about his left flank and sent his reserves-Grenville Dodge's XVI Army Corps-to that location. Two of Hood's divisions ran into this reserve force and were repulsed. The Rebel attack stalled on the Union rear but began to roll up the left flank. Around the same time, a Confederate soldier shot and killed McPherson when he rode out to observe the fighting. Determined attacks continued, but the Union forces held. About 4:00 pm, Cheatham's corps broke through the Union front at the Hurt House, but Sherman massed twenty artillery pieces on a knoll near his headquarters to shell these Confederates and halt their drive. Maj. Gen. John A. Logan' s XV Army Corps then led a counterattack that restored the Union line. The Union troops held, and Hood suffered high casualties.

South Carolina units whose histories name it: 3rd Battalion, South Carolina Light Artillery (Palmetto Battalion), 10th Regiment, South Carolina Infantry, 19th Regiment, South Carolina Infantry, 24th Regiment, South Carolina Infantry.

Summary: National Park Service, Civil War Sites Advisory Commission battle GA017.

Cold Harbor VA062

Other name: Second Cold Harbor
Campaign: Grant's Overland Campaign
Dates: May-June 1864
Principal commanders: Lieutenant General Ulysses Grant [US] | Major General Robert Lee [CS]
Forces engaged: 170000 total (US 108000; CS 62000;)
Estimated casualties: 18000 total (US 13000; CS 5000;)
Result: Confederate Victory

On May 31, Sheridan's cavalry seized the vital crossroads of Old Cold Harbor. Early on June 1, relying heavily on their new repeating carbines and shallow entrenchments, Sheridan's troopers threw back an attack by Confederate infantry. Confederate reinforcements arrived from Richmond and from the Totopotomoy Creek lines. Late on June 1, the Union VI and XVIII Corps reached Cold Harbor and assaulted the Confederate works with some success. By June 2, both armies were on the field, forming on a seven-mile front that extended from Bethesda Church to the Chickahominy River. At dawn June 3, the II and XVIII Corps, followed later by the IX Corps, assaulted along the Bethesda Church-Cold Harbor line and were slaughtered at all points. Grant commented in his memoirs that this was the only attack he wished he had never ordered. The armies confronted each other on these lines until the night of June 12, when Grant again advanced by his left flank, marching to James River. On June 14, the II Corps was ferried across the river at Wilcox's Landing by transports. On June 15, the rest of the army began crossing on a 2,200-foot long pontoon bridge at Weyanoke. Abandoning the well-defended approaches to Richmond, Grant sought to shift his army quickly south of the river to threaten Petersburg.

Summary: National Park Service, Civil War Sites Advisory Commission battle VA062.

Ezra Church GA018

Other name: Battle of the Poor House
Campaign: Morgan's Raid Into Kentucky
Dates: May-September 1864
Principal commanders: Major General Oliver Howard [US] | General John Hood [CS]
Forces engaged: 0 total (US 0; CS 0;)
Estimated casualties: 5342 total (US 700; CS 4642;)
Result: Union Victory

Earlier, Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman's forces had approached Atlanta from the east and north. Hood had not defeated them, but he had kept them away from the city. Sherman now decided to attack from the west. He ordered the Army of the Tennessee, commanded by Maj. Gen. O.O. Howard, to move from the left wing to the right and cut Hood's last railroad supply line between East Point and Atlanta. Hood foresaw such a maneuver and determined to send the two corps of Lt. Gen. Stephen D. Lee and Lt. Gen. Alexander P. Stewart to intercept and destroy the Union force. Thus, on the afternoon of July 28, the Rebels assaulted Howard at Ezra Church. Howard had anticipated such a thrust, entrenched one of his corps in the Confederates' path, and repulsed the determined attack, inflicting numerous casualties. Howard, however, failed to cut the railroad.

South Carolina units whose histories name it: 19th Regiment, South Carolina Infantry.

Summary: National Park Service, Civil War Sites Advisory Commission battle GA018.

Proctor's Creek VA053

Other name: Drewry's Bluff, Fort Darling
Campaign: Bermuda Hundred Campaign
Dates: May 1864
Principal commanders: Major General Benjamin Butler [US] | Brigadier General Pierre Beauregard [CS]
Forces engaged: 57000 total (US 39000; CS 18000;)
Estimated casualties: 4004 total (US 3004; CS 1000;)
Result: Confederate Victory

After his repulse at Swift Creek and Fort Clifton on May 9, Maj. Gen. Benjamin Butler withdrew into his entrenchments at Bermuda Hundred. A Confederate army of 18,000 was patched together under command of Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard to confront Butler's 30,000. On May 12, Butler moved north against the Confederate line at Drewry's Bluff but again adopted a defensive posture when his attack was not supported by gunboats. On the 13th a Union column struck the right flank of the Confederate line at the Wooldridge House, carrying a line of works. Butler remained cautious, however, giving Beauregard time to concentrate his forces. On May 16 at dawn, Ransom's Confederate division opened an attack on Butler's right flank, routing many units. Subsequent attacks lost direction in the fog, but the Federals were disorganized and demoralized. After severe fighting, Butler extricated himself from battle, withdrawing again to his Bermuda Hundred Line. This battle stopped Butler's offensive against Richmond.

South Carolina units whose histories name it: 7th Battalion, South Carolina Infantry (Nelson's) (Enfield Rifles), 11th Regiment, South Carolina Infantry (9th Volunteers), 21st Regiment, South Carolina Infantry, 25th Regiment, South Carolina Infantry (Eutaw Regiment), 27th Regiment, South Carolina Infantry (Gaillard's), Kelly's Company, South Carolina Light Artillery (Chesterfield Artillery).

Summary: National Park Service, Civil War Sites Advisory Commission battle VA053.

Spotsylvania Court House VA048

Other name: Combats at Laurel Hill and Corbin's Bridge, Ni River, Laurel Hill, Po River, Bloody Angle, Piney Branch Church, Harrison House, Harris Farm
Campaign: Grant's Overland Campaign
Dates: May-June 1864
Principal commanders: Lieutenant General Ulysses Grant [US] | Major General Robert Lee [CS]
Forces engaged: 152000 total (US 100000; CS 52000;)
Estimated casualties: 27000 total (US 18000; CS 9000;)
Result: Indecisive

After the Wilderness, Grant's and Meade's advance on Richmond by the left flank was stalled at Spotsylvania Court House on May 8. This two-week battle was a series of combats along the Spotsylvania front. The Union attack against the Bloody Angle at dawn, May 12-13, captured nearly a division of Lee's army and came near to cutting the Confederate army in half. Confederate counterattacks plugged the gap, and fighting continued unabated for nearly 20 hours in what may well have been the most ferociously sustained combat of the Civil War. On May 19, a Confederate attempt to turn the Union right flank at Harris Farm was beaten back with severe casualties. Union generals Sedgwick (VI Corps commander) and Rice were killed. Confederate generals Johnson and Steuart were captured, Daniel and Perrin mortally wounded. On May 21, Grant disengaged and continued his advance on Richmond.

Summary: National Park Service, Civil War Sites Advisory Commission battle VA048.

Swift Creek VA050

Other name: Arrowfield Church
Campaign: Bermuda Hundred Campaign
Dates: May 1864
Principal commanders: Major General Benjamin Butler [US] | Brigadier General Pierre Beauregard [CS]
Forces engaged: 0 total (US 0; CS 0;)
Estimated casualties: 0 total (US 0; CS 0;)
Result: Indecisive

On May 9, Maj. Gen. Benjamin Butler made a thrust toward Petersburg and was met by Bushrod Johnson's Division at Swift Creek. A premature Confederate attack at Arrowfield Church was driven back with heavy losses, but Union forces did not follow up. After skirmishing, Butler seemed content to tear up the railroad tracks and did not press the defenders. In conjunction with the advance to Swift Creek, five Federal gunboats steamed up the Appomattox River to bombard Fort Clifton, while Hincks's U.S. Colored Troops infantry division struggled through marshy ground from the land side. The gunboats were quickly driven off, and the infantry attack was abandoned.

South Carolina units whose histories name it: Kelly's Company, South Carolina Light Artillery (Chesterfield Artillery).

Summary: National Park Service, Civil War Sites Advisory Commission battle VA050.

Wilderness VA046

Other name: Combas at Parker's Store, Craig's Meeting House, Todd's Tavern, Brock Road, The Furnaces
Campaign: Grant's Overland Campaign
Dates: May-June 1864
Principal commanders: Lieutenant General Ulysses Grant [US] | Major General Robert Lee [CS]
Forces engaged: 162920 total (US 101895; CS 61025;)
Estimated casualties: 28800 total (US 18000; CS 10800;)
Result: Indecisive

The opening battle of Grant's sustained offensive against the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, known as the Overland Campaign, was fought at the Wilderness, May 5-7. On the morning of May 5, 1864, the Union V Corps attacked Ewell's Corps on the Orange Turnpike, while A.P. Hill's corps during the afternoon encountered Getty's Division (VI Corps) and Hancock's II Corps on the Plank Road. Fighting was fierce but inconclusive as both sides attempted to maneuver in the dense woods. Darkness halted the fighting, and both sides rushed forward reinforcements. At dawn on May 6, Hancock attacked along the Plank Road, driving Hill's Corps back in confusion. Longstreet's Corps arrived in time to prevent the collapse of the Confederate right flank. At noon, a devastating Confederate flank attack in Hamilton's Thicket sputtered out when Lt. Gen. James Longstreet was wounded by his own men. The IX Corps (Burnside) moved against the Confederate center, but was repulsed. Union generals James S. Wadsworth and Alexander Hays were killed. Confederate generals John M. Jones, Micah Jenkins, and Leroy A. Stafford were killed. The battle was a tactical draw. Grant, however, did not retreat as had the other Union generals before him. On May 7, the Federals advanced by the left flank toward the crossroads of Spotsylvania Courthouse.

Summary: National Park Service, Civil War Sites Advisory Commission battle VA046.

Crater VA070

Other name: The Mine
Campaign: Richmond-Petersburg Campaign
Dates: June-December 1864
Principal commanders: Major General Ambrose Burnside [US] | Major General Robert Lee [CS]
Forces engaged: 0 total (US 0; CS 0;)
Estimated casualties: 5289 total (US 3798; CS 1491;)
Result: Confederate Victory

After weeks of preparation, on July 30 the Federals exploded a mine in Burnside's IX Corps sector beneath Pegram's Salient, blowing a gap in the Confederate defenses of Petersburg. From this propitious beginning, everything deteriorated rapidly for the Union attackers. Unit after unit charged into and around the crater, where soldiers milled in confusion. The Confederates quickly recovered and launched several counterattacks led by Maj. Gen. William Mahone. The break was sealed off, and the Federals were repulsed with severe casualties. Ferrarro's division of black soldiers was badly mauled. This may have been Grant's best chance to end the Siege of Petersburg. Instead, the soldiers settled in for another eight months of trench warfare. Maj. Gen. Ambrose E. Burnside was relieved of command for his role in the debacle.

South Carolina units whose histories name it: 17th Regiment, South Carolina Infantry, 18th Regiment, South Carolina Infantry, 22nd Regiment, South Carolina Infantry, 23rd Regiment, South Carolina Infantry (Hatch's Coast Rangers), 26th Regiment, South Carolina Infantry.

Summary: National Park Service, Civil War Sites Advisory Commission battle VA070.

Deep Bottom I VA069

Other name: Darbytown, Stawberry Plains, New Market Road, Gravel Hill
Campaign: Richmond-Petersburg Campaign
Dates: June-December 1864
Principal commanders: Major General Winfield Hancock [US] | Major General Charles Field [CS]
Forces engaged: 0 total (US 0; CS 0;)
Estimated casualties: 0 total (US 0; CS 0;)
Result: Confederate Victory

During the night of July 26-27, the Union II Corps and two divisions of Sheridan's cavalry under command of Maj. Gen. Winfield Scott Hancock crossed to the north side of James River to threaten Richmond. This demonstration diverted Confederate forces from the impending attack at Petersburg on July 30. Union efforts to turn the Confederate position at New Market Heights and Fussell's Mill were abandoned when the Confederates strongly reinforced their lines and counterattacked. During the night of July 29, the Federals recrossed the river leaving a garrison as heretofore to hold the bridgehead at Deep Bottom.

South Carolina units whose histories name it: 1st Regiment, South Carolina Rifles (Orr's), 7th Battalion, South Carolina Infantry (Nelson's) (Enfield Rifles), 11th Regiment, South Carolina Infantry (9th Volunteers), 12th Regiment, South Carolina Infantry, 13th Regiment, South Carolina Infantry, 14th Regiment, South Carolina Infantry.

Summary: National Park Service, Civil War Sites Advisory Commission battle VA069.

Deep Bottom II VA071

Other name: New Market Road, Fussell's Mill, Bailey's Creek, Charles City Road, White's Tavern
Campaign: Richmond-Petersburg Campaign
Dates: June-December 1864
Principal commanders: Major General Winfield Hancock [US] | Major General Robert Lee [CS]
Forces engaged: 0 total (US 0; CS 0;)
Estimated casualties: 4200 total (US 2900; CS 1300;)
Result: Confederate Victory

During the night of August 13-14, the Union II Corps, X Corps, and Gregg's cavalry division, all under command of Maj. Gen. Winfield Scott Hancock, crossed James River at Deep Bottom to threaten Richmond, coordinating with a movement against the Weldon Railroad at Petersburg. On August 14, the X Corps closed on New Market Heights while the II Corps extended the Federal line to the right along Bailey's Creek. During the night, the X Corps was moved to the far right flank of the Union line near Fussell's Mill. On August 16, Union assaults near Fussell's Mill were initially successful, but Confederate counterattacks drove the Federals out of a line of captured works. Heavy fighting continued throughout the remainder of the day. Confederate general John Chambliss was killed during cavalry fighting on Charles City Road. After continual skirmishing, the Federals returned to the southside of the James on the 20th, maintaining their bridgehead at Deep Bottom.

South Carolina units whose histories name it: 12th Regiment, South Carolina Infantry, 13th Regiment, South Carolina Infantry, 14th Regiment, South Carolina Infantry, 21st Regiment, South Carolina Infantry, 27th Regiment, South Carolina Infantry (Gaillard's).

Summary: National Park Service, Civil War Sites Advisory Commission battle VA071.

Globe Tavern VA072

Other name: Second Battle of Weldon Railroad, Yellow Tavern, Yellow House, Blick's Station
Campaign: Richmond-Petersburg Campaign
Dates: June-December 1864
Principal commanders: Major General Gouverneur Warren [US] | Major General Robert Lee [CS]
Forces engaged: 0 total (US 0; CS 0;)
Estimated casualties: 6055 total (US 4455; CS 1600;)
Result: Union Victory

While Hancock's command demonstrated north of the James River at Deep Bottom, the Union V Corps and elements of the IX and II Corps under command of Maj. Gen. G.K. Warren were withdrawn from the Petersburg entrenchments to operate against the Weldon Railroad. At dawn August 18, Warren advanced, driving back Confederate pickets until reaching the railroad at Globe Tavern. In the afternoon, Maj. Gen. Henry Heth's division attacked driving Ayres's division back toward the tavern. Both sides entrenched during the night. On August 19, Maj. Gen. William Mahone, whose division had been hastily returned from north of James River, attacked with five infantry brigades, rolling up the right flank of Crawford's division. Heavily reinforced, Warren counterattacked and by nightfall had retaken most of the ground lost during the afternoon's fighting. On the 20th, the Federals laid out and entrenched a strong defensive line covering the Blick House and Globe Tavern and extending east to connect with the main Federal lines at Jerusalem Plank Road. On August 21, Hill probed the new Federal line for weaknesses but could not penetrate the Union defenses. With the fighting at Globe Tavern, Grant succeeded in extending his siege lines to the west and cutting Petersburg's primary rail connection with Wilmington, North Carolina. The Confederates were now forced to off-load rail cars at Stony Creek Station for a 30-mile wagon haul up Boydton Plank Road to reach Petersburg. Confederate general John C.C. Sanders was killed on August 21.

South Carolina units whose histories name it: 25th Regiment, South Carolina Infantry (Eutaw Regiment), 27th Regiment, South Carolina Infantry (Gaillard's).

Summary: National Park Service, Civil War Sites Advisory Commission battle VA072.

Jerusalem Plank Road VA065

Other name: First Battle of Weldon Railroad
Campaign: Richmond-Petersburg Campaign
Dates: June-December 1864
Principal commanders: Lieutenant General Ulysses Grant [US] | Major General Robert Lee [CS]
Forces engaged: 0 total (US 0; CS 0;)
Estimated casualties: 3534 total (US 2962; CS 572;)
Result: Union Victory

On June 21, the Union II Corps, supported by the VI Corps, attempted to cut the Weldon Railroad, one of the major supply lines into Petersburg. The movement was preceded by Wilson's cavalry division which began destroying tracks. On June 22, troops from Lt. Gen. A.P. Hill's corps led by Brig. Gen. William Mahone counterattacked, forcing the II Corps away from the railroad to positions on the Jerusalem Plank Road. Although the Federals were driven from their advanced positions, they were able to extend their siege lines farther to the west.

South Carolina units whose histories name it: 11th Regiment, South Carolina Infantry (9th Volunteers), 21st Regiment, South Carolina Infantry.

Summary: National Park Service, Civil War Sites Advisory Commission battle VA065.

Peebles' Farm VA074

Other name: Poplar Springs Church, Wyatt's Farm, Chappell's House, Pegram's Farm, Vaughan Road
Campaign: Richmond-Petersburg Campaign
Dates: June-December 1864
Principal commanders: Major General George Meade [US] | Lieutenant General Ambrose Hill [CS]
Forces engaged: 0 total (US 0; CS 0;)
Estimated casualties: 4169 total (US 2869; CS 1300;)
Result: Union Victory

In combination with Maj. Gen. Benjamin Butler's offensive north of the James River, Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant extended his left flank to cut Confederate lines of communication southwest of Petersburg. Two divisions of the IX corps under Maj. Gen. John G. Parke, two divisions of the V Corps under Maj. Gen. G.K. Warren, and Brig. Gen. David M. Gregg's cavalry division were assigned to the operation. On September 30, the Federals marched via Poplar Spring Church to reach Squirrel Level and Vaughan Roads. The initial Federal attack overran Fort Archer, flanking the Confederates out of their Squirrel Level Road line. Late afternoon, Confederate reinforcements arrived, slowing the Federal advance. On October 1, the Federals repulsed a Confederate counterattack directed by Lt. Gen. A.P. Hill. Reinforced by Maj. Gen. Gershom Mott's division, the Federals resumed their advance on the 2nd, captured Fort MacRae which was lightly defended, and extended their left flank to the vicinity of Peebles' and Pegram's Farms. With these limited successes, Meade suspended the offensive. A new line was entrenched from the Federal works on Weldon Railroad to Pegram's Farm.

South Carolina units whose histories name it: 1st Regiment, South Carolina Rifles (Orr's), 12th Regiment, South Carolina Infantry, 13th Regiment, South Carolina Infantry, 14th Regiment, South Carolina Infantry.

Summary: National Park Service, Civil War Sites Advisory Commission battle VA074.

Franklin II TN036

Campaign: Savannah Campaign
Dates: September-December 1864
Principal commanders: Major General John Schofield [US] | General John Hood [CS]
Forces engaged: 0 total (US 0; CS 0;)
Estimated casualties: 9933 total (US 2633; CS 7300;)
Result: Union Victory

Having lost a good opportunity at Spring Hill to hurt significantly the Union Army, Gen. John B. Hood marched in rapid pursuit of Maj. Gen. John M. Schofield's retreating Union army. Schofield's advance reached Franklin about sunrise on November 30 and quickly formed a defensive line in works thrown up by the Yankees in the spring of 1863, on the southern edge of town. Schofield wished to remain in Franklin to repair the bridges and get his supply trains over them. Skirmishing at Thompson's Station and elsewhere delayed Hood's march, but, around 4:00 pm, he marshaled a frontal attack against the Union perimeter. Two Federal brigades holding a forward position gave way and retreated to the inner works, but their comrades ultimately held in a battle that caused frightening casualties. When the battle ceased, after dark, six Confederate generals were dead or had mortal wounds. Despite this terrible loss, Hood's army, late, depleted and worn, crawled on toward Nashville.

South Carolina units whose histories name it: 24th Regiment, South Carolina Infantry.

Summary: National Park Service, Civil War Sites Advisory Commission battle TN036.

Nashville TN038

Campaign: Savannah Campaign
Dates: September-December 1864
Principal commanders: Major General George Thomas [US] | General John Hood [CS]
Forces engaged: 0 total (US 0; CS 0;)
Estimated casualties: 9561 total (US 3061; CS 6500;)
Result: Union Victory

In a last desperate attempt to force Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman's army out of Georgia, Gen. John Bell Hood led the Army of Tennessee north toward Nashville in November 1864. Although he suffered terrible losses at Franklin on November 30, he continued toward Nashville. By the next day, the various elements of Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas's army had reached Nashville. Hood reached the outskirts of Nashville on December 2, occupied positions on a line of hills parallel to those of the Union and began erecting fieldworks. Union Army Engineer, Brig. Gen. James St. Clair Morton, had overseen the construction of sophisticated fortifications at Nashville in 1862-63, strengthened by others, which would soon see use. From the 1st through the 14th, Thomas made preparations for the Battle of Nashville in which he intended to destroy Hood's army. On the night of December 14, Thomas informed Maj. Gen. Henry W. Halleck, acting as Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant's chief of staff, that he would attack the next day. Thomas planned to strike both of Hood's flanks. Before daylight on the 15th, the first of the Union troops, led by Maj. Gen. James Steedman, set out to hit the Confederate right. The attack was made and the Union forces held down one Rebel corps there for the rest of the day. Attack on the Confederate left did not begin until after noon when a charge commenced on Montgomery Hill. With this classic charge's success, attacks on other parts of the Confederate left commenced, all eventually successful. By this time it was dark and fighting stopped for the day. Although battered and with a much smaller battle line, Gen. Hood was still confident. He established a main line of resistance along the base of a ridge about two miles south of the former location, throwing up new works and fortifying Shy's and Overton's hills on their flanks. The IV Army Corps marched out to within 250 yards, in some places, of the Confederate's new line and began constructing fieldworks. During the rest of the morning, other Union troops moved out toward the new Confederate line and took up positions opposite it. The Union attack began against Hood's strong right flank on Overton's Hill. The same brigade that had taken Montgomery Hill the day before received the nod for the charge up Overton's Hill. This charge, although gallantly conducted, failed, but other troops (Maj. Gen. A.J. Smith's "Israelites" ) successfully assaulted Shy's Hill in their fronts. Seeing the success along the line, other Union troops charged up Overton's Hill and took it. Hood's army fled. Thomas had left one escape route open but the Union army set off in pursuit. For ten days, the pursuit continued until the beaten and battered Army of Tennessee recrossed the Tennessee River. Hood's army was stalled at Columbia, beaten at Franklin, and routed at Nashville. Hood retreated to Tupelo and resigned his command.

South Carolina units whose histories name it: Beauregard's Company, South Carolina Light Artillery (Ferguson's).

Summary: National Park Service, Civil War Sites Advisory Commission battle TN038.

Fort Fisher II NC015

Campaign: Operations Against Fort Fisher & Wilmington
Dates: January-February 1865
Principal commanders: Rear Admiral David Porter [US] | Major General Braxton Bragg [CS]
Forces engaged: 0 total (US 0; CS 0;)
Estimated casualties: 3642 total (US 1059; CS 2583;)
Result: Union Victory

After the failure of his December expedition against Fort Fisher, Maj. Gen. Benjamin Butler was relieved of command. Maj. Gen. Alfred Terry was placed in command of a "Provisional Corps," including Paine's Division of U.S. Colored Troops, and supported by a naval force of nearly 60 vessels, to renew operations against the fort. After a preliminary bombardment directed by Rear Adm. David D. Porter on January 13, Union forces landed and prepared an attack on Maj. Gen. Robert Hoke's infantry line. On the 15th, a select force moved on the fort from the rear. A valiant attack late in the afternoon, following the bloody repulse of a naval landing party carried the parapet. The Confederate garrison surrendered, opening the way for a Federal thrust against Wilmington, the South's last open seaport on the Atlantic coast.

South Carolina units whose histories name it: 11th Regiment, South Carolina Infantry (9th Volunteers), 21st Regiment, South Carolina Infantry, 25th Regiment, South Carolina Infantry (Eutaw Regiment).

Summary: National Park Service, Civil War Sites Advisory Commission battle NC015.

Bentonville NC020

Other name: Bentonsville
Campaign: Campaign of the Carolina's
Dates: February-March 1865
Principal commanders: Major General William Sherman [US] | Lieutenant Colonel Joseph Johnston [CS]
Forces engaged: 0 total (US 0; CS 0;)
Estimated casualties: 4133 total (US 1527; CS 2606;)
Result: Union Victory

While Slocum's advance was stalled at Averasborough by Hardee's troops, the right wing of Sherman's army under command of Maj. Gen. O.O. Howard marched toward Goldsborough. On March 19, Slocum encountered the entrenched Confederates of Gen. Joseph E. Johnston who had concentrated to meet his advance at Bentonville. Late afternoon, Johnston attacked, crushing the line of the XIV Corps. Only strong counterattacks and desperate fighting south of the Goldsborough Road blunted the Confederate offensive. Elements of the XX Corps were thrown into the action as they arrived on the field. Five Confederate attacks failed to dislodge the Federal defenders and darkness ended the first day's fighting. During the night, Johnston contracted his line into a "V" to protect his flanks with Mill Creek to his rear. On March 20, Slocum was heavily reinforced, but fighting was sporadic. Sherman was inclined to let Johnston retreat. On the 21st, however, Johnston remained in position while he removed his wounded. Skirmishing heated up along the entire front. In the afternoon, Maj. Gen. Joseph Mower led his Union division along a narrow trace that carried it across Mill Creek into Johnston's rear. Confederate counterattacks stopped Mower's advance, saving the army's only line of communication and retreat. Mower withdrew, ending fighting for the day. During the night, Johnston retreated across the bridge at Bentonville. Union forces pursued at first light, driving back Wheeler's rearguard and saving the bridge. Federal pursuit was halted at Hannah's Creek after a severe skirmish. Sherman, after regrouping at Goldsborough, pursued Johnston toward Raleigh. On April 18, Johnston signed an armistice with Sherman at the Bennett House, and on April 26, formally surrendered his army.

Summary: National Park Service, Civil War Sites Advisory Commission battle NC020.

Appomattox Court House VA097

Campaign: Appomatox Campaign
Dates: March-April 1865
Principal commanders: Lieutenant General Ulysses Grant [US] | Major General Robert Lee [CS]
Forces engaged: 0 total (US 0; CS 0;)
Estimated casualties: 664 total (US 164; CS 500;)
Result: Union Victory

Early on April 9, the remnants of John Broun Gordon's corps and Fitzhugh Lee's cavalry formed line of battle at Appomattox Court House. Gen. Robert E. Lee determined to make one last attempt to escape the closing Union pincers and reach his supplies at Lynchburg. At dawn the Confederates advanced, initially gaining ground against Sheridan's cavalry. The arrival of Union infantry, however, stopped the advance in its tracks. Lee's army was now surrounded on three sides. Lee surrendered to Grant on April 9. This was the final engagement of the war in Virginia.

Summary: National Park Service, Civil War Sites Advisory Commission battle VA097.

Petersburg III VA089

Other name: The Breakthrough
Campaign: Appomatox Campaign
Dates: March-April 1865
Principal commanders: Lieutenant General Ulysses Grant [US] | Major General Robert Lee [CS]
Forces engaged: 0 total (US 0; CS 0;)
Estimated casualties: 8746 total (US 3894; CS 4852;)
Result: Union Victory

With Confederate defeat at Five Forks on April 1, Grant and Meade ordered a general assault against the Petersburg lines by II, IX, VI and XXIV Corps on April 2. A heroic defense of Fort Gregg by a handful of Confederates prevented the Federals from entering the city that night. Lt. Gen. A.P. Hill was killed trying to reach his troops in the confusion. After dark, Lee ordered the evacuation of Petersburg and Richmond. Grant had achieved one of the major military objectives of the war: the capture of Petersburg, which led to the fall of Richmond, the Capitol of the Confederacy.

Summary: National Park Service, Civil War Sites Advisory Commission battle VA089.

Sailor's Creek VA093

Other name: Hillsman Farm, Lockett Farm
Campaign: Appomatox Campaign
Dates: March-April 1865
Principal commanders: Major General Philip Sheridan [US] | Lieutenant General Richard Ewell [CS]
Forces engaged: 0 total (US 0; CS 0;)
Estimated casualties: 8848 total (US 1148; CS 7700;)
Result: Union Victory

On April 6 at Sailor's Creek, nearly one fourth of the retreating Confederate army was cut off by Sheridan's Cavalry and elements of the II and VI Corps. Most surrendered, including Confederate generals Richard S. Ewell, Barton, Simms, Kershaw, Custis Lee, Dubose, Hunton, and Corse. This action was considered the death knell of the Confederate army. Upon seeing the survivors streaming along the road, Lee exclaimed "My God, has the army dissolved?"

Summary: National Park Service, Civil War Sites Advisory Commission battle VA093.